<td>A measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume of a substance; calculated by dividing the mass of a sample of its volume <b>(mass/volume)</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Element</td>
<td>Element An element is made up of the same atoms throughout, and cannot be broken down further</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Metal</td>
<td>a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pure substance</td>
<td>A substance that is made up of only one type of particle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Atom</td>
<td>The smallest unit of matter found in substances</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solution</td>
<td>A uniform mixture of 2 or more substances</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Colloid</td>
<td>is substance with small particles suspended in it, unable to be separated by gravity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Emulsion</td>
<td>A mixture of 2 insoluble liquids, in which one liquid is suspended in the other</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Physical Property</td>
<td>Characteristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the makeup of the substance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Characteristic</td>
<td>A physical property that is unique to a substance and can be used to identify the substance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Periodic Table</td>
<td>a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Compound</td>
<td>Compounds are chemically joined atoms of different elements</td>
<td>A <b>change</b> in the starting substance and the <b>production of ONE or more new substances</b><br> Original substance does not disappear <b>BUT</b> the composition is rearranged</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Molecule</td>
<td>Two or more <b>non-metal</b> atoms joined together</td>
<td>A Charged particle, that results from a <b>loss</b> (cation - positve, less electrons) or <b>gain</b> (anion - negative, more electrons) of electrons when bonding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Electron</td>
<td>Negatively Charged</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Proton</td>
<td>Positively Charged</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Neutron</td>
<td>Neutral Charged</td>
</tr>
<td>Ionic Charge</td>
<td>The <b>sum</b> of the positive and negative charges in a ion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Covalent Bond</td>
<td>The sharing of electrons between atoms when bonding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Valence Electrons</td>
<td>Number of electrons on the most outer orbit/shell of the element</td>
</tr>
</table>
## Particle Theory of Matter
1. Matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. Particles of Matter are in constant motion.
3. Particles of Matter are held together by very strong electrical forces.
4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves.
5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances.
|Brittleness|Breakability or flexibility<br> Glass would be considered as brittle whereas slime/clay are flexible|
|Viscosity|The ability of a liquid or gas to resist flow or not pour readily through<br> Refer to as more or less viscous|Molasses is more viscous, water is less (gases tend to get"thicker as heated; liquids get runnier)|
|Hardness|The relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance<br> Referred to as high or low level of hardness| Can use a scale (1 is wax, 10 is diamond)|
|Malleability|the ability of a substance ```to be hammered``` into a thinner sheet or molded|Silver is malleable<br> Play dough/pizza dough is less<br> glass is not malleable|
|Ductility|the ability of a substance to be pulled into a finer strand|Pieces of copper can be drawn into thin wires, ductile|
|Electrical Conductivity|The ability of a substance to allow electric current to pass through it<br> Refer to as high and low conductivity|Copper wires have high conductivity<br> Plastic has no conductivity|
|Form: Crystalline Solid|Have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern|Salt and Diamonods|
|Form: Amorphous Solid|Have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range-pattern|Plastic, Glass, Charcoal|
- A characteristic (property) of a substance that describes its ability to undergo ```changes to its composition to produce one of more new substances. AKA BEHAVIOUR. Everything has one!```
- ```Cannot be determined by physical properties```
- E.g. ability of nails /cars to rust
- Fireworks are explosive
- Denim is resistant to soap, but is combustible
- Baking soda reacts with vinegar and cake ingredients to rise
- Bacterial cultures convert milk to cheese, grapes to wine, cocoa to chocolate
- CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals
- Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black.
|Metals|- Metals are good `conductors` of heat and electricity<br>- Metals are shiny(lustre)<br>- Metals are ductile (can be stretched into thin wires<br>- Metals are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets)<br>- A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water which reults in corrosion|<imgsrc="https://img.etimg.com/thumb/height-480,width-640,msid-63797457,imgsize-201095/metals-thinkstock.jpg"width="400">|
|Non-Metals|- Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity<br>- Non-metal are **not**`ductile` or `malleable`<br>- Solid non-metals are `brittle` and break-easily<br>- They are `dull`<br>- Many non-metals are gases (one is liquid)|<imgsrc="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/1a/53/bf/1a53bf708c25d9618a433d198a83b2a0.jpg"width="400"height="450">|
|Metalloids|- Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and non-metals<br>- They are solids that can be `shiny` or `dull`<br>- They `conduct` heat and electricity better than non-metals but not as well as metals<br>- They are `ductile` and `malleable`|<imgsrc="http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/mineral/Silicon.jpg"width="400">|
|Democritus|All matter can be divided up into smaller pieces until it reaches an unbreakable particle called an ATOM (cannot be cut)<br>He proposed atoms are of diffent sizes, in constant motion and separated by empty spaces||
|Aristole|- Rejected Democritus ideas, believed all matter was made up the 4 elements, it was accepted for nearly 2000 years|<imgsrc="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Four_elements_representation.svg/1227px-Four_elements_representation.svg.png"width="500">|
|John Dalton|- Billbard model, atoms of **different elements are different**<br>Atoms are never **created or destroyed**.<br> - Atoms of an element are identical|<imgsrc="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR-AsCpeBvgYIQMSWuGCG7-Rdb8z5QC9Jb92jnCO_nYkI4snYG7"width="500">|
|JJ Thomson|- Atoms contain negatively charged electrons, since atoms are neutral, the **rest of the atom is a positevly charged sphere**. <br> - Negatively charged electrons were **evenly distrubuted** throughout the atom.<br> - **Ray cathode experiment** - basically atoms were attracted to a postive end of the tube, so there most be negative charges in the atoms. <br><br><imgsrc="https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/thomsonexperiment2.png"width="300">|<imgsrc="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/march16/1468862016.png"width="500">|
|Ernest Rutherford|- Discovered that the postively charged **nucleus**. <br> - The nucleus was **surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons**<br> - Most of the atom was just space. <br> - **Gold foil experiement**, alpha particles (postively charged) shot at atom, some bounced off at weird angles, so there most be a postively charged thing there. <br><br><imgsrc="http://historyoftheatom.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/gold-foil.jpg"width="300">|<imgsrc="http://atomicmodeltimelinervmf.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/9/9/17998887/1823773_orig.jpg"width="500">|
|Niels Bohr|- Discovered that electrons **orbit the nucleus in fixed paths**, each electron has a **definite** amount of energy, further from nucleus = more energy.<br> - Electrons **cannot** jump orbit to orbit or release energy as light going down. <br> - Each orbit can hold a specifc amount of electrons, `2,8,8,8`, useful for the first 20 elements|<imgsrc="https://s3.amazonaws.com/rapgenius/Bohr%20Atom.png"width="500">|
|James Chadwick|- Discovered the neutron, mass of neutron = mass of proton (basically)<br> - Neutral atoms have **equal numbers** of protons and electrons.|<imgsrc="https://01a4b5.medialib.edu.glogster.com/I28dU77RETpL5o21KLw0/media/43/432f51edf42bbf2082e35268160b789a7344a49f/screen-shot-2014-11-15-at-9-10-48-am.png"width="500">|
## Carbon
## Atoms
- Subscripts - tells us how many of the atom are there, for example N<sub>2</sub> means there are 2 nitrongen atoms.
- Use distrubutive property if there are brackets and a subscript, for example, (CO)<sub>2</sub> is equilivant to C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.
- Atoms are stable if they have a full valence shell (noble gases)
- Each family has the same amount of valence electrons as their family number, so `alkali metals` would have 1 valence electron, `alkaline earth metals` will have 2, `halogens will have` 7 and `noble gases` would have 8.
- They will also have the same amount of protons as their `atomic number`.
- **Number of protons = Number of electrons**.
- **Number of neutrons = mass - atomic number/number of protons**.
## Bohr-Rutherford / Lewis-Dot Diagrams
- **Bohr-Rutherford**
- Draw nucleus, and draw the apprioate number of orbits.
- Put number of **protons** and **neutrons** in the nucleus.
- Draw the correct number of electrons in each orbit
- To combine 2 atoms, each element wants to be stable. So they each want a full valence shell, (outer shell) so they are stable.
- They can either `gain`, `lose` or `share` electrons in order to become stable.
- Example:
- Oxygen and Hydrogen, in order to become stable, they all need 8 valence electrons. Hydrogen has 1, oxygen has 6, so we bring in another hyrdogen and we let them share all their electrons, turning into H<sub>2</sub>O, or water.
