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# Unit 1
# Unit 1: Science skills
# Unit 2
# Unit 2: Chemistry
## Chemistry Vocabulary List
<table class="table" style="max-width=80%">
<table class="table" style="max-width:80%">
<tr>
<th>Word</th>
<th>Definition (or diagram/translation)</th>
@ -99,6 +99,13 @@
</tr>
</table>
## Particle Theory of Matter
1. Matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. Particles of Matter are in constant motion.
3. Particles of Matter are held together by very strong electrical forces.
4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves.
5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances.
## Physical Properties
- A characeristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition ("make-up") of that substance
- Characteristics can be determinded using your 5 senses and measuring instruments
@ -107,12 +114,13 @@
## Qualitative and Quantitative Properties
|Type|Definition|Example|
|:---|:---------|:------|
|Quantitative Property|A property that IS measured and has **```a numerical value```** |Ex. **```Temperature, height, mass, density```**|
|Qualitative Property|A property that is NOT measured and has **```no numerical value```**|Ex. **```Colour, odor, texture```**|
## Density
## Quantitative physical Properties
- **```Density```**: amount of ```stuff``` (or mass) per unit volume (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
@ -151,14 +159,21 @@
- CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals
- Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black
- Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black.
## Physical Change
## Elements
## Chemical Change
- At the present time ```118``` elements are known.
- These elements vary widely in their abundance
- For example, only five elements account for over 90% of the Earth's crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron and calcium.
## Periodic Table
## History of The Atom
## Carbon
## Atoms
## Bohr-Rutherford / Louis-Dot Diagrams
## Naming of Ionic Bonds
@ -189,7 +204,7 @@
# Unit 3: Biology
## The Sphere's of Earth
## The Spheres of Earth
### Atmosphere
- The layer of `gases` above Earth's surface, extending upward for hundreds of kilometers.
- `78% nitrogen gas`.
@ -236,8 +251,6 @@
- `Sustainability`: **The ability to maintain natural
ecological conditions without interruption,
weakening, or loss of value.**
- `Population`
- All of the individuals of a single species in a particular area
- `Community`
- Individual from all of the DIFFERENT populations (communities of different species)
- `Ecosystem`
@ -247,6 +260,22 @@ weakening, or loss of value.**
- An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes
- **Ecological niche**:
- Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.)
- `Biodiversity`: The variety of life in a particular ecosystem, also known as biological diversity.
- Canada is home to about 140 000 to 200 000 species of plants and animals. Only 71 000 have been identified.
- `Species Richness`: the number of species in an area.
- Diverse ecosystem = high species richness.
- Higher close to the equator.
- Ex. Amazon rainforest home to more than 200 species of hummingbirds, Ontario only has a single species.
- `Population`: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place and time.
- Population often change due to both **natural and artifical** factors (human activity).
- `Carry Capcity`: The maximum population size of a **particular species** that a given ecosystem can sustain.
- `Pollution`: harmful comtaminants released into the enviornment.
- `Bioremediation`: the use of micro-organisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants.
- `Photosynthesis`: The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is converted (put together with) into chemical energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar).
- `Succession`: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance.
- `Producer`: Organism that makes its own energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy.
- `Consumer`: Organism that obtains its energy from consuming other organisms.
- `Eutrophication`: Overfertilzation of staganat bodies of water with nutrients
## Types of Energy
- #### Radiant Energy
@ -255,20 +284,12 @@ weakening, or loss of value.**
- Form of energy TRANSFERED DURING HEATING/COOLING
- Keeps the Earth's surface warm
- CANNOT provide organisms with energy to grow & function
## Successions
- `Succession`: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance.
- ### Primary
- on newly epxposed ground, such asa following a volcanic eruption.
- ### Secondary
- in a partially distrubed ecosystem, such as following a forest fire.
- Human caused disturbances.
#### Light Energy
- VISIBLE forms of radiant energy
- Can be used by some organisms (CANNOT be stored)
#### Chemical Energy
- Used by living organisms to perform functions (growth, reproduction, etc.)
- MUST be replaced as it is used
- #### Light Energy
- VISIBLE forms of radiant energy
- Can be used by some organisms (CANNOT be stored)
- #### Chemical Energy
- Used by living organisms to perform functions (growth, reproduction, etc.)
- MUST be replaced as it is used
## It starts with the sun …
- Energy radiates from the sun (UV)
@ -280,45 +301,7 @@ weakening, or loss of value.**
- Approx. `30%` is reflected back into space
- `0.023%` absorbed by living organisms through photosynthesis
## PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- `PHOTO`
- Light
- `SYNTHESIS`
- Put together
- The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is
converted (put together with) into chemical
energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar)
## PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- In order for photosynthesis to happen the plant will NEED:
- **IGHT**
- **CARBON DIOXIDE**
- **WATER**
- **CHLOROPHYLL (found inside the cell of a plant)**
## Photosynthesis
- Light energy turns the water & carbon dioxide into
oxygen and glucose (sugar)
- Sugar formed contains stored chemical energy
- Stored in:
- Roots
- Stems
- Leaves
- Seeds
- Plants convert the sugar to starch (for storage)
- SOME sugars are rearranged to form:
- Carbohydrates (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon)
- Proteins (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and NITROGEN)
## Why is this important?
## Why is Photosynthesis important?
- Animals cannot make their own food (glucose, energy)
- Must get our food from plants.
@ -327,22 +310,22 @@ oxygen and glucose (sugar)
- Oxygen released during photosynthesis is necessary for all living things
- **PRODUCER**: Organism that makes its own
energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy
- GREEN PLANTS
- Green comes from chlorophyll (captures light)
- **CONSUMER**: Organism that obtains its energy
from consuming other organisms
## Cellular Respiration
- Process of converting sugar into carbon dioxide, water and energy
- Makes stored energy available for use
- Takes place in the mitochondria
1. Original energy stored in the sugar is released
2. Occurs continuously
3. Does NOT require light energy
- **BOTH** producers **AND** consumers perform cellular respiration
- ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk)
## Steps in Cellular Respiration
- Mitochondria takes in nutrients
@ -354,18 +337,6 @@ from consuming other organisms
- Sugar breaks down into **CARBON DIOXIDE** and **WATER**
- Release of energy when this happens
## Cellular Respiration
### INFO
1. Original energy stored in the sugar is released
2. Occurs continuously
3. Does NOT require light energy
- **BOTH** producers **AND** consumers perform cellular respiration
- ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk)
## Feeding Relationship
- Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various hetrotrophs (consumers).
- Food are a series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating or eaten (pg. 43).
@ -511,10 +482,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- When death occurs for these members, the nutrients are again returned to the abiotic environment and the cycling of nutrients continues in this circular way.
- This ensures that there is no real longterm drain on the Earth’s nutrients, despite millions of years of plant and animal activity.
### Summary Of Nutrient Recycling
- The way in which elements are continuously being broken down and/or exchanged for reuse
- Occurs between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem.
## Benefits of Succession
- Provides a mechanism by which ecosysmtems maintain their long term sustainability.
- Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused distrubances.
@ -524,11 +491,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Not all disturbances can be repaired.
- Disturbances can be repaired through humans actions that support the natural processes of succession.
## ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
- `Population`: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place and time.
- Population often change due to both **natural and artifical** factors (human activity).
- `Carry Capcity`: The maximum population size of a **particular species** that a given ecosystem can sustain.
## Changes In Population
- The carry capcacity of an ecosystem depends on numerous biotic and abiotic factors.
- These can be classified into two categories.
@ -543,7 +505,143 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- seasonal cycles
- certain human activities—such as damming rivers and clear-cutting forests
## Density Dependent Factors
- DDF’s affect a population **ONLY** when it reaches a certain size. The effect of the factor (such as disease) on the size of the population depends on the **original size** of the population
- Examples:
- Competition
- Predation
- Parasitism
- Disease
## Biodiversity
- The variety
## Relationships
1. **Symbiosis**
- Two different organisms associate with each other in a close way.
- Is the interaction between members of `two different species` that live together in a close association.
- Types
- **Mutualism (+/+)**
- Both species benefit from the relationship.
- (eg. human intestine and good bacteria, bees and flowers, clownfish and sea anemone, cattle egret and cow).
- **Commensalism (+/0)**
- one species benefits, the other is **unaffected**.
- (eg. beaver cutting down trees, whales and barancles).
- **Parasitism (-/+)**
- one species is harmed, the other **benefits**.
- (eg. lice and humans, mosquito and humans).
- **Competition (-/-)**
- neither species benefits. Can be harmed. (-/-).
- **Neutralism (0/0)**
- both species are unaffected (unlikely).
- True neutralism is extremely unlikely or even impossible to prove. One cannot assert positively that there is absolutely no competition between or benefit to either species.
- Example: fish and dandelion
<table class="table" style="max-width:80%">
<tr>
<th>+</th>
<td>Parasitism and Predation</td>
<td>Commensalism</td>
<td>Mutalism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>0</th>
<td></td>
<td>Neutralism</td>
<td>Commensalism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>-</th>
<td>Competition</td>
<td></td>
<td>Parasitism and Predation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>-</th>
<th>0</th>
<th>+</th>
</tr>
</table>
2. **Competition**
- Individuals compete for limited resources
- Types
- **Intraspecific Competition**
- Is the competition between individuals of the **same** species.
- (eg. male deer uses antlers to fight each other for mates, little herons compete for food).
- **Interspecific Competition**
- Is the competition between individuals of **different** species.
- (eg. cardinals and blue jays at a bird feeder, lions and hyenas competing for food).
3. **Predation**
- One animal eats (kills) another
### Reasons To Compete
- Food and water.
- Space (habitat).
- Mates.
## Candian Biomes
- <img src="https://slideplayer.com/slide/12708159/76/images/41/Canada%E2%80%99s+Biomes+Mountain+Forest+Tundra+Boreal+Forest+Grassland.jpg" width="800">
## Ecosystem Services
- **Cultural Services**
- Benefits relating to our enjoyment of the environment.
- Ex. Recreational, aesthetic and spiritual experiences when we interact with natural surroundings.
- Ecotourism: tourists engage in environmentally responsible travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas.
- Ex. Canada’s Wilderness.
- **Ecosystem Products**
- Humans use products produced by the ecosystem.
- Hunt animals and harvest plants, lakes/oceans supply us with seafood.
- **Terrestrial:** ecosystems: medicines, fibres, rubber and dyes.
- **Forestry**: largest industries and employers.
- Regulate and maintain important abiotic and biotic features of environment.
- Cycle water, oxygen, and nutrients.
- Help protect us from physical threats.
- Plant communities protect the soil from wind and water erosion.
- Ecosystems act as sponges.
- Absorb water and slowly release it into the groundwater and surface water (reduces erosion and protects against flooding, filters the water).
- Protect land from storms along coasts where wave damage erodes the shoreline.
- Mangroves
### Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services
- Very difficult to put a dollar value to it.
- Dollar value of cleaning the air/water, moderating climate and providing paper fibre, medicines and other products is HIGH.
- Ranges into the trillions of dollars/year (maybe 60 trillion?).
- Provides valuable services that are free and renewable.
## Successions
- Natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium (their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time).
- Equilibrium is established when abiotic conditions are stable.
- Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are balanced.
- Populations are healthy and stable.
- Small ecosystems are in a constant state of change.
- Forest fire or disease outbreak can cause short-term changes on a local level.
- Types
- #### Primary
- on newly epxposed ground, such asa following a volcanic eruption.
- #### Secondary
- in a partially distrubed ecosystem, such as following a forest fire.
- Human caused disturbances.
- Results in gradual changes as plants, animals, fungi and micro organisms become established in an area.
- In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
### Benefits of Succession
- Provides a mechanism by which ecosystems maintain their long term sustainability.
- Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused disturbances.
- Offers hope (New Orleans, New Jersey, Florida, Puerto Rico).
- Time needed is very long.
- Original cause of disturbance must be eliminated.
- Not all disturbances can be repaired.
- Disturbances can be repaired through human actions that support the natural processes of succession.
## Species at Risk
- Do not have to be driven to extinction for there to be ecological consequences.
- Population falls below critical level = ecological niche can no longer be filled.
- Consequences for abiotic and biotic features.
- **Extirpated**: no longer exists in a specific area.
- **Endangered**: facing imminent extirpation or extinction.
- **Threatened**: likely to become endangered if factors reducing its survival are not changed.
- **Special Concern**: may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of factors.