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# Unit 2
## Questions to Ask Ms.Keras
1. How do you tell the difference between mechanical mixtures and a mixture/solutions?
2. Are qualitative properties and physical properties basically the same thing?
3. Are the families the akali, akaline, halogens and noble gases?
4. What was the zero sum rule?
5. Do all atoms want to get rid of only the outer shell electrons?
6. What are the elements I need to know?
7. What is the difference between an atom and an ion?
1. How do you tell the difference between mechanical mixtures and a mixture/solutions? ✔
2. Are qualitative properties and physical properties basically the same thing? ✔
3. Are the families the akali, akaline, halogens and noble gases? ✔
4. What was the zero sum rule? ✔
5. Do all atoms want to get rid of only the outer shell electrons? ✔
6. What are the elements I need to know? ✔
7. What is the difference between an atom and an ion? ✔
8. PAGE 266 QUESTION 5 (A)
9. PAGE 266 QUESTION 8
10. PAGE 266 QUESTION 9 & 10
11. PAGE 233 QUESTION 2 (D)
12. PAGE 240 QUESTION 1
13. PAGE 240 QUESTION 9
14. PAGE 240 QUESTION 10
15. PAGE 215 QUESTION 10 (B)
## Page 178, Questions 3 - 10.
Alloys: When two or more types of metals are mixed together.
@ -220,16 +227,105 @@ Solder Materials: Used to join together metal components, such as wires in elect
- nickel
2. **What is the difference between an element and a compound?**
An element is a pure substance and a compound is a combination of 2 or more elements
3. **A white powder, when heated, produces a colourless gas amd a black solid. is the white powder an element? Give reasons for your answer**
The white powder is not an element, as the colourless gas is most likely another element, same as the black solid. Which means there is more than one element, which makes it a compound.
4. **Explain the significance of the bold staircase line on the periodic table**
It separates the metals (left) and the non-metals (right), and shows us the metalloids as well
5. **Are there more metallic elements or non-metallic elements listed on the periodic table**
There are more metallic elements listed on the periodic table
6. **List three properties of metals**
1. shiny
2. highly conductive
3. ductile
4. Malleable
7. **List three properties of non - metals**
1. dull
2. Not conductive
3. mostly gases
4. brittle, shatters easily
8. **Create two-column table in your notebook with the headings "Metals" and "Non-metals." Classify each of the properties below as characteristic of metals or non-metals. Include an example from the periodic table for each property**
- |Metals|Example|Non-Metals|Example|
|:-----|:------|:---------|:------|
|conducts electricity|Copper, Cu|N/A|N/A|
|N/A|N/A|is a gas under normal conditions|Helium, He|
|Can be flattened by hammering|Iron, Fe|N/A|N/A|
|N/A|N/A|Its symbol is located inthe upper-right corner of the periodic table|Helium, He|
|N/A|N/A|Shatters when struck|Charcoal/Carbon, C|
|N/A|N/A|is a dull yellow powder|Chlorine, Cl|
|is soft and shiny|silver, Ag|N/A|N/A|
|its symbol is located in the first column of the periodic table|N/A|N/A|N/A|
9. **Identify which properties of each of the following elements make them ideal for their uses**
- copper and alumimnum for pots and pans
- shiny, conductive, durable
- silver and gold for jewellery
- Shiny, durable, soft/hard, pretty, expensive
- argon in double glazed windows for homes
- low conductivety, very transparent, gas
10. **In this section, you were introduced t o some of the physical properties of carbon, a non-metal**
- Describe the physical properties of carbon
- gase like, brittle, dull
- What property of carbon makes it different from other non-metals?
- it can be combined to make solids?
## Pages 225 Questions 1 - 10
1. **Which of the following statements are correct? Rewrite each false statement to make it true**
- Elements listed in rows on the periodic table are in the same family. **WRONG**
- Elements listed in **COLUMNS** on the periodic table are in the same family
- Elements in the same column of the periodic table exhibit the same physical properties. **CORRECT?**
- Elements in the same group are in the same family. **CORRECT?**
- Elements that are side by side on the periodic table beong to the same period. **CORRECT?**
2. **Name the chemical family to which each of the following elements belongs**
- Chlorine, Cl, **Halogens
- Magnesium, Mg, **Alkaline Earth Metals**
- Potassium, K, **Alkali Metals**
- Helium, He, **Noble Gases**
3. **Read the names of each of the elements in the first and second columns of the periodic table**
- First column
- Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium, Francium
- Second column
- Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium
4. **Sodium is a metal, like copper. Suggest reasons why sodium cannot be used in electrical wires**
- As sodium is a metal, and metal conduct heat and electricity easily, it makes it dangerous around those things
5. **Identify which properties are common to each of the following chemical families**
- Alkali metals
- soft, highly reactive
- Alkaline Earth metals
- shiny, silvery, not as soft or reactive as alkali metals
- Halogens
- very reactive, rarely found in elemental form, often form compounds with alkali metals
- Noble Gases
- stable nature, unreactive, very stable
6. **Hydrogen is a reactive gas under normal conditions. Based on this property alone, to which group of the periodic table should hydrogen belong? Why?**
- He should belong under the alkali group, as its reactive
7. DONE
8. **Alkali metals are found in many common substances but are rarely found in pure form. Explain why this is the case**
- As alkali metals are reactive, they interact with the nature elements / surronding elements/compounds such as hydrogen and nitrogen, so the are rarely found in pure form
9. **List three useful applications of halogens**
- Chlorine, Cl, and Iodine, I, helps disinfect things
- Bromine, Br, is used to help light up light bulbs
- Flourine, F, is used to strengthen your teeth's enamel
10. **List three useful applications of alkaline earth metals**
- Calcium, Ca, helps you grow strong bones
- Magnesium, Mg, is used to build fireworks
- Barium, Ba, is used to block certain x-rays
## Pages 233 Questions 1 - 7
@ -238,9 +334,118 @@ Solder Materials: Used to join together metal components, such as wires in elect
- J.J Thomson
- Also agreed in the existence of the atom, but also explainied that there are even smaller particles called the electron
- Ernest Rutherfort
- Also agrered in the existence of the atom, but also explainied that there was an nucleus, that was the weight of the atom, which contained both protons and neutrons
- Also agreed in the existence of the atom, but also explainied that there was an nucleus, that was the weight of the atom, which contained both protons and neutrons
- - James Chadwick also agreed in the existence of the atom, but also explained that were neutrons, which didn't have any charge at all
2. **In his experiments, J.J Thomson discovered a tiny stream of particles
- Why did he conclude that these particles were negatively charged?
- As opposites attract, and he found that the stream were attracted to the postive end of the circuit, he concluded that they were indeed negatively charged.
- What were these particles eventually called?
- electrons
- According to Thomson, where are these particles located in the atom?
- randomly spread out in the giant space of the atom, like a plum pudding
- Why did Thomson conclude that atoms also contain a positive charge?
- **ASK MS KERAS**
- According to Thomson, where are the positive charges located in the atom?
- Spread evenly across the space of the atom
3. **If a neutral atom has three electons, how many protons does it have?**
- since # of electrons = # protons, it must also have 3 protons
4. **In what ways is Bohr's model of the atom similar to and different from Thomson's model?**
- Similarities
- They both have electrons
- both assume the circular shape
- both have the existence of the proton
- Differences
- Bohr's had neutrons, orbits, while Thomsons stated that the protons where like a backdrop of the atom, instead of the nucleus
5. **Rutherford's experiment consisted of beaming positvely charged particles at thn gold foil**
- What did he expect to happen to the particles?
- all of them to pass right through the foil
- Why did the results surprise him?
- As stated before his time, there were no existence of the proton, thus all the particles should pass right through the atom, yet some were deflected and hit unexpected parts of the screen
- From his results, which articles were proposed as part of an atom?
- the proton, or a postively charged particle
- According to Rutherford, where in an atom are these particles located?
- In the center of the atom, or the neucleus
6. **Is it reasonable to expect that these models will change again in time?**
Possibly, as we can see, each scientist improved on the structure of the atom, maybe later, we can find even more interesting findings that change our view of the atom
## Pages 240 Questions 1 - 5
1. **Do all atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons? Explain**
Not all elements has this property, while most do, some may fluctuate
2. **Do all atoms of thhe same element contain the same number of neutrons? Explain**
Not sure
3. **Which of the followinig statements are correct? rewrite incorrect statements to correct them**
- The aomic number always equals the number of protons. **CORRECT**
- The atomic mass can be smaller than the atomic number. **INCORRECT**
- The atomic mass **CAN NOT** be smaller than the atomic number
- The mass number of an atom can be equal to the atomic number. **INCORRECT**
- The mass number of an atom can be equal to the atomic number **plus the number of neutrons**
- The number of protons always equals the number of neutorns in an atom. **INCORRECT**
- The number of protons always equals the number of **electrons** in an atom
- The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in an atom. **CORRECT**
- if he number of protons in an atom were changed, it would be a different element. **CORRECT**
4. **Determine the number of neutrons in the most common isotoope of nickel**
1. Nickel, Ni, atomic mass = 58.69, atomic number = 28, number of neutrons = atmoic mass - atomic number
2. number of neutrons = 58.69 - 28 ≈ 30
3. Therefore, there are 30 neutrons in the nickel nucleus
5. **What is the maximum number of electrons that each of the first three electron orbits can hold, starting from the nucleus?**
2, 8, 8, and 2
## Pages 240 Questions 6 - 10
6. IN PROGRESS
7. DONE
8. **Which of the following statements are ture? Rewrite false staements to make them true**
- The first four elements in the alkali metal family have the same number of electron orbits. **INCORRECT**
- The first four elements in the alkali metal family have the same number of electron **IN THEIR OUTER** orbits
- The first three elements in the noble gas family have full outermost electron orbits. **CORRECT**
- All elements in the second row of the periodic table have the same number of electron orbits. **INCORRECT**
- All elements in the second **COLUMN** have the same number of electron orbits
- The first three elements in the alkaline earth metal family have the same number of electrons in their outer orbits. **CORRECT**
9. **What evidence is there that chemical properties of elements are related to the number of electrons in the outermost orbit? Choose one chemical family to support your answer**
- **ASK MS KERAS**
10. **You learned that an element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by any physical or chemical means. Write a new definition of an element based on what you have learned in this section**
- **ASK MS KERAS**
## Pages 244 Questions 1 - 6
1. **Explain how carbon atoms are joined together in charcoal, graphite, and diamond**
- Charcoal
- these atoms join with other carbon atoms almost indefinetly, foming unending strutures. Resulting in a shapeless disorganized arrangement of atoms.
- Graphite
- contains of shteets of carbon atoms, an organized structure, evvery carbon atom joins with three other carbon atoms to form a sheet of interconnected hexagons. A carbon atom is located in each corner of the hexagon. These flat sheets are loosely layered atop of each other.
- Diamond
- Under immense pressure, carbon atoms arrange themselves into regular patters that are interconnected in 3 dimensions. The pattern is like a playground climbing frame that never ends.
2. **Explain how a pencil makes a mark in terms of the arrangement of carbon atoms in graphite**
Under slight pressure, the carbon sheets slide across each other, leaving behind the top layer of cabon atoms on the surface of the writing paper
3. **What are some of the economic benefits of diamond mining in Canada's North?**
More than 10 million carats of canadian diamonds are produced each year in mines, and is over 15% of the worlds supply
4. **What are some enviormental drawbacks of diamond mining in Canada's North?**
- Lake drainage
- fish habitats lost and water quality changed
- Permafrost deterioration
5. **What properties of diamonds make them useful in a variety of applications?**
- Sharp
- durable,
- hard to break, and hard itself
- Does not allow the free flow of electrons, so it does not conduct electricity
6. **Explain which form of carbon is best suited for following functions**
- an electrode in a battery
- Graphite, as it conducts electricity
- The tip on a drill bit for drilling through rocks
- Diamond, its very durable and sharp
- Fuel in power plants
- Charcoal, as it conducts heat and gives efficient amounts of energy when burned
## Pages 261 Questions 1 - 6
ion: A particle that has either a positive or a negative charge
@ -378,13 +583,46 @@ Imidogen: HN
- calcium carbonate
- limestone
4. **Write the chemical name for each of the following compounds
4. **Write the chemical name for each of the following compounds**
- Muriatic acid
- HCl
- Vinegar
- C<sub>2</sub>H</sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
- Potash
- KCl
- Quicklime
- Quicklime
- CaO
-
- Milk of magnesia
- Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>
- Natural gas
- CH<sub>4</sub>
5. **The formula for propane gas, often used as barbecue fuel, is C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>. The formula for butane, the liquid fuel in cigarette lighters is C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>. the was in a candle is a mixture of molecules, one of which is C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>62</sub>**
- What is similar an what is different about the chemical compositions of these three substances?
- They all contain a number of Hydrogen and Carbon elements, hydrogen being twice as much as carbon, except theres way more hydrogen and carbon in wax than propane
- Consider the physical states of these three substances at room temperature and discuss any relationship you see between the formula and physical state
- **ASK MS KERAS**
- Are these three substances considered molecules? Give reasons for your answer
- yes, as it fits the description of a molecule, being 2 or more of the different/same elements joined together
6. **Draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram for each of the following molecules**
- DONE, REMEBER TO ASK MS KERAS FOR CLARIFICATION
7. **Explain the difference between a molecule and an ionic compound
An ionic compound is a compound made up of 2 charged ions, while a molecule is made up of 2 or more atoms of the same or different element(s)
8. **Describe how ions are able to form large cyrstals**
- ASK MS KERAS
9. **In you own words, write a definition for "covalent bond"**
10. **Explain what types of atoms tend to form covalent bonds**
## Page 268, Analyze and Evaluate, Questions (a) - (f)
- Done
- Done
# ASK ME KERAS ON THIS PART