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Update Unit 2: Biology.md

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Daniel Chen 2019-11-07 16:10:55 +00:00
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Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md
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@ -178,6 +178,9 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
- e.g., red blood cells, hair cells, skin, injuries, broken bones - e.g., red blood cells, hair cells, skin, injuries, broken bones
### Cell cycle ### Cell cycle
<img src="https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/diagrams/22-Cell-cycle.gif" width="600">
- **Interphase** - **Interphase**
- Large majority of a cell's time is spent in interphase - Large majority of a cell's time is spent in interphase
- **G1**: (normal growth and function), - **G1**: (normal growth and function),
@ -207,10 +210,10 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
| Phase | Diagram | Description | | Phase | Diagram | Description |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Prophase | | - Chromatin condenses into two identical `sister chromatids` which condense into `chromosomes` <br> - Happens to 23 pairs of chromosomes <br> - Nuclear membrane dissolves <br> - Centrosomes move to opposite ends (`poles`) of cell, creating `spindle fibres` that begin to attach to `centromeres` in animal cells | | Prophase | <img src="http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/prophase_3D.png" width="250"> | - Chromatin condenses into two identical `sister chromatids` which condense into `chromosomes` <br> - Happens to 23 pairs of chromosomes <br> - Nuclear membrane dissolves <br> - Centrosomes move to opposite ends (`poles`) of cell, creating `spindle fibres` that begin to attach to `centromeres` in animal cells |
| Metaphase | | - Chromosomes line up in centre of cell to ensure they divide evenly <br> - Everything in prophase has completed (e.g., nuclear membrane has dissolved completely) | | Metaphase | <img src="http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/metaphase_3D.png" width="250"> | - Chromosomes line up in centre of cell to ensure they divide evenly <br> - Everything in prophase has completed (e.g., nuclear membrane has dissolved completely) |
| Anaphase | | - Centromeres split, separating sister chromatids <br> - Sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite sides of cell via shortening spindle fibres <br> - Sister chromatids are now called `daughter chromomsomes` | | Anaphase | <img src="http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/anaphase_3D.png" width="250"> | - Centromeres split, separating sister chromatids <br> - Sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite sides of cell via shortening spindle fibres <br> - Sister chromatids are now called `daughter chromomsomes` |
| Telophase | | - Effectively opposite of prophase <br> - Nuclear membranes form across each of the two new nuclei <br> - Daughter chromosomes unwind into chromatin and are no longer visible <br> - Nucleolus forms in each nucleus <br> - Spindle fibres break apart <br> - **Cytokinesis** usually begins in telophase <br> - Cells starts to **cleave** (cell centre starts to pinch itself) | | Telophase | <img src="http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/telophase_3D.png" width="250"> | - Effectively opposite of prophase <br> - Nuclear membranes form across each of the two new nuclei <br> - Daughter chromosomes unwind into chromatin and are no longer visible <br> - Nucleolus forms in each nucleus <br> - Spindle fibres break apart <br> - **Cytokinesis** usually begins in telophase <br> - Cells starts to **cleave** (cell centre starts to pinch itself) |
### Cytokinesis ### Cytokinesis
- Cell division - Cell division