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<tr>
<td>Non-Metal</td>
<td>A substance that isn’t a metal</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Physical Change</td>
<td>A change in which <b>the composition of the substance remains unaltered` and `no new substances are produced</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chemical Change</td>
<td>A <b>change</b> in the starting substance and the <b>production of ONE or more new substances</b><br> Original substance does not disappear <b>BUT</b> the composition is rearranged</td>
</tr>
</table>
## Particle Theory of Matter
@ -120,7 +128,7 @@
|Qualitative Property|A property that is NOT measured and has **```no numerical value```**|Ex. **```Colour, odor, texture```**|
## Density
<img src="https://mathsmadeeasy.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/density-mass-volume-triangle.png" width="300">
## Quantitative physical Properties
- **```Density```**: amount of ```stuff``` (or mass) per unit volume (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
@ -147,27 +155,58 @@
- A characteristic (property) of a substance that describes its ability to undergo ```changes to its composition to produce one of more new substances. AKA BEHAVIOUR. Everything has one!```
- ```Cannot be determined by physical properties```
- E.g. ability of nails /cars to rust
- Fireworks are explosive
- Denim is resistant to soap, but is combustible
- Baking soda reacts with vinegar and cake ingredients to rise
- Bacterial cultures convert milk to cheese, grapes to wine, cocoa to chocolate
- CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals
- Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black.
## Physical Change
## Chemical Change
## Periodic Table
<img src="https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/121316/1.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=1300&height=693" width="1200">
### Trends On The Periodic Table
- The first column are the `Alkali metals`.
- They are shiny, have the consitency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife.
- They are the **most reactive** metals.
- They react violently with water.
- Alkali metals are **never found as free elements in nature**. They are always bonded with another element.
- The second column are the `Alkaline earth metals`.
- They are **never found uncombined in nature**.
- The last column are the `Noble gases`.
- **Extremely un-reactive**.
- The second last column are the `Halogens`.
- The **most reactive non-metals**
- They **react with alkali metals to form salts**.
- The middle parts are the `transition metals`.
- They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Usually bright coloured.
- They have properties similar to elements in their same family
- Many of them combine with oxygen to form compounds called oxides.
- The rows outside the table are the `Inner tranistion metals`.
<img src="https://files.catbox.moe/6522hg.png" width="600">
- The **left** to the **staircase** are the metals and the **right** are the non-metals. The ones touching the **staircase** are the `metalloids`.
<img src="http://www.sussexvt.k12.de.us/science/The%20Periodic%20Table/Periodic%20Trends_files/image002.jpg" width="300">
### How To Read An Element
<img src="https://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0501/images/es0501_p6_readinginfo_b.gif" width="400">
## History of The Atom
|Person|Description|Picture|
|:-----|:----------|:------|
|Democritus|All matter can be divided up into smaller pieces until it reaches an unbreakable particle called an ATOM (cannot be cut)<br>He proposed atoms are of diffent sizes, in constant motion and separated by empty spaces||
|Aristole|- Rejected Democritus ideas, believed all matter was made up the 4 elements, it was accepted for nearly 2000 years|<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Four_elements_representation.svg/1227px-Four_elements_representation.svg.png" width="500">|
|John Dalton|- Billbard model, atoms of **different elements are different**<br>Atoms are never **created or destroyed**.<br> - Atoms of an element are identical|<img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR-AsCpeBvgYIQMSWuGCG7-Rdb8z5QC9Jb92jnCO_nYkI4snYG7" width="500">|
|JJ Thomson|- Atoms contain negatively charged electrons, since atoms are neutral, the **rest of the atom is a positevly charged sphere**. <br> - Negatively charged electrons were **evenly distrubuted** throughout the atom.<br> - **Ray cathode experiment** - basically atoms were attracted to a postive end of the tube, so there most be negative charges in the atoms. <br> <br> <img src="https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/thomsonexperiment2.png" width="300">|<img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/march16/1468862016.png" width="500">|
|Ernest Rutherford|- Discovered that the postively charged **nucleus**. <br> - The nucleus was **surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons**<br> - Most of the atom was just space. <br> - **Gold foil experiement**, alpha particles (postively charged) shot at atom, some bounced off at weird angles, so there most be a postively charged thing there. <br> <br> <img src="http://historyoftheatom.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/gold-foil.jpg" width="300">|<img src="http://atomicmodeltimelinervmf.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/9/9/17998887/1823773_orig.jpg" width="500">|
|Niels Bohr|- Discovered that electrons **orbit the nucleus in fixed paths**, each electron has a **definite** amount of energy, further from nucles = more energy.<br> - Electrons **cannot** jump orbit to orbit or release energy as light going down. <br> - Each orbit can hold a specifc amount of electrons, `2,8,8,2`, useful for the first 20 elements|<img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/rapgenius/Bohr%20Atom.png" width="500">|
|James Chadwick|- Discovered the neutron, mass of neutron = mass of proton (basically)<br> - Neutral atoms have **equal numbers** of protons and electrons.|<img src="https://01a4b5.medialib.edu.glogster.com/I28dU77RETpL5o21KLw0/media/43/432f51edf42bbf2082e35268160b789a7344a49f/screen-shot-2014-11-15-at-9-10-48-am.png" width="500">|
## Carbon
@ -258,7 +297,7 @@ weakening, or loss of value.**
- `Sustainable Ecosystem`
- An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes
- **Ecological niche**:
- `Ecological niche`:
- Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.)
- `Biodiversity`: The variety of life in a particular ecosystem, also known as biological diversity.
- Canada is home to about 140 000 to 200 000 species of plants and animals. Only 71 000 have been identified.
@ -336,23 +375,21 @@ weakening, or loss of value.**
- #### REVERSE of Photosynthesis
- Sugar breaks down into **CARBON DIOXIDE** and **WATER**
- Release of energy when this happens
## Feeding Relationship
- Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various hetrotrophs (consumers).
- Food are a series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating or eaten (pg. 43).
- Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem (pg. 44).
- Each step in a food chain or web is called a `trophic` level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. E.g. first trophic level are producers, second trophic level are primary consumers, etc.
## ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
- Food chains and food webs do not give any information about the numbers of organisms involved.
- This information can be shown through ecological pyramids.
- An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain.
- <img src="https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/images/upright_pyramid.jpg" width="300">
<img src="https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/images/upright_pyramid.jpg" width="300">
|Pyramid|Description|Picture|
@ -423,7 +460,8 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- **Cellular Respiration**
- Breaks down glucose to release energy, expel CO<sub>2</sub>
- **Oceans are a HUGE carbon sink**.
- <img src="https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2017%2F6%2Fshutterstock_581980219.jpg" width="500">
<img src="https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2017%2F6%2Fshutterstock_581980219.jpg" width="500">
### Human Impacts
- **Mining & burning fossil fuels**: Speed up release of CO<sup>2</sub> to the atmosphere.
@ -442,7 +480,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
### STEPS/PROCESSES
- <img src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab-11methodsforestimatingdenitrificationprocess-130414125752-phpapp01/95/lab11-methods-for-estimating-denitrification-process-4-638.jpg?cb=1365944316" witdh="100">
<img src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab-11methodsforestimatingdenitrificationprocess-130414125752-phpapp01/95/lab11-methods-for-estimating-denitrification-process-4-638.jpg?cb=1365944316" witdh="100">
### Nitrogen Fixation
- Most of the nitrogen used by living things is taken from the atmosphere by certain bacteria in a process called `nitrogen fixation`.
@ -482,14 +520,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- When death occurs for these members, the nutrients are again returned to the abiotic environment and the cycling of nutrients continues in this circular way.
- This ensures that there is no real longterm drain on the Earth’s nutrients, despite millions of years of plant and animal activity.
## Benefits of Succession
- Provides a mechanism by which ecosysmtems maintain their long term sustainability.
- Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused distrubances.
- Offers hope (New Orleans, New Jersey, Florida, Puerto Rica).
- Time needed is very long.
- Original cause o disturbance must be eliminated.
- Not all disturbances can be repaired.
- Disturbances can be repaired through humans actions that support the natural processes of succession.
## Changes In Population
- The carry capcacity of an ecosystem depends on numerous biotic and abiotic factors.
@ -536,28 +566,28 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
<table class="table" style="max-width:80%">
<tr>
<th>+</th>
<td>Parasitism and Predation</td>
<td>Commensalism</td>
<td>Mutalism</td>
<th><b>+</b></th>
<td><b>Parasitism and Predation</b></td>
<td><b>Commensalism</b></td>
<td><b>Mutalism</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>0</th>
<th><b>0</b></th>
<td></td>
<td>Neutralism</td>
<td>Commensalism</td>
<td><b>Neutralism</b></td>
<td><b>Commensalism</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>-</th>
<td>Competition</td>
<th><b>-</b></th>
<td><b>Competition</b></td>
<td></td>
<td>Parasitism and Predation</td>
<td><b>Parasitism and Predation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>-</th>
<th>0</th>
<th>+</th>
<th><b>-</b></th>
<th><b>0</b></th>
<th><b>+</b></th>
</tr>
</table>
@ -580,7 +610,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Mates.
## Candian Biomes
- <img src="https://slideplayer.com/slide/12708159/76/images/41/Canada%E2%80%99s+Biomes+Mountain+Forest+Tundra+Boreal+Forest+Grassland.jpg" width="800">
<img src="https://slideplayer.com/slide/12708159/76/images/41/Canada%E2%80%99s+Biomes+Mountain+Forest+Tundra+Boreal+Forest+Grassland.jpg" width="800">
## Ecosystem Services
- **Cultural Services**